Landscape Characteristics and Night Scene Lighting of Tiananmen Square, Lighting Engineering Journal Li Tienan Xiao Hui Gan Lin Ruo Ci (China Academy of Building Research Beijing, 100044) Planning and design of light environment.
Tiananmen Square is the center of Beijing and a representative of the country's image. Its status is unique. In peacetime, it is a place where people frequent sightseeing and sightseeing. It is a stage for celebrations, gatherings and performances. Designing landscape lighting for such a place is a very difficult and important thing.
1 Tiananmen Square Landscape Features From the architectural point of view, Tiananmen Square is a space formed by the surrounding buildings. These buildings mainly include the Tiananmen Gate, the Great Hall of the People, the Monument, the Museum of Chinese Revolutionary History, and the Chairman Mao Memorial Hall. Analysis of the layout of the entire square, you can feel that it follows the design concept of the layout of Chinese classical architecture to some extent, namely: the distinctive axis sense, primary and secondary, symmetry and the courtyard layout of the statue. Analysis of individual buildings, they are typically single Chinese ancient buildings, or their architectural style contains some meaning of Chinese architecture, so the entire square has a strong Chinese style. Each building unit is a masterpiece, and at the same time, they have built a perfect square space with their respective positions and shapes.
The analysis of the shape and location of the Tiananmen Gate in the layout principle of Chinese architecture determines that it naturally becomes the main face of the square. At the same time, many auxiliary elements in front of the tower also strengthen its position as the role of the Great Hall and Museum in the square. On the left and right sides, the style of the building with a sense of balance and the grand scale influence the style of the square, forming the enveloping effect memorial hall as the end face of the square, completing the space enclosure. There are many things in common on these three enclosed façades, such as the horizontally extending glazed glazed tiles and the colonnade structure on the façade. These common points strengthen the unity of the entire square and the integrated monument is the central structure of the square. According to the elemental analysis of ancient Chinese architecture, it should be the body of the courtyard layout, which is the center of sight. Therefore, it has a controlling effect on the style and atmosphere of the whole space. In addition, some other subsidiary elements, with their own unique form and position, perfect the square enclosure and active atmosphere.
Conducting accurate building analysis and in-depth understanding of its design ideas is the basis for doing a good job in lighting design. The construction of the square light environment begins with the overall lighting plan. According to the position, function and function of the square, considering the various elements in the square, the lighting design of each unit is completed under the overall framework of the lighting plan.
2 The viewing position of the square lighting landscape In the design of the landscape lighting, the position and direction of the viewing position should be confirmed first, and the lighting design should be based on this. As far as the square is concerned, the situation is more complicated. Here, the audience is mobile, and there are many viewpoints and positions. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively consider the design in order to enjoy a good landscape image in each viewing position. . The viewing position of Tiananmen Square mainly includes: (1) on the platform of the Tiananmen Gate, watching the entire square (2) in the square, watching the surrounding buildings (3) Chang'an Street, watching the towers and squares (4) buildings on the move Closer to the front, admire the architectural details (5) On the high-rise buildings in the distance, watch the panoramic view of the square (6) in the air, overlooking the panoramic view of the square, and feel the overall momentum.
3 Square environment situation The success of landscape lighting design is directly related to whether the environmental background is fully considered in the design. A good lighting landscape can be both eye-catching and harmonious with the environment. As far as Tiananmen Square is concerned, the surrounding environment of the building has the following characteristics: 3.1 With the development of urban night lighting, many large buildings in Beijing are equipped with facade lighting. It is well known that in the facade lighting, spill light and reflection Light occupies a very high proportion of the entire illumination. Therefore, these facade illuminations improve the average brightness level of the urban environment on the one hand, and also greatly increase the brightness of the sky on the other hand. According to measurements, on holiday nights, The sky brightness above the square can reach the above 3. The road lighting around the square is gradually increasing the brightness standard, resulting in a high degree of space brightness and road illumination. 3. The square lamp and the surrounding Huaguang are the characteristic landscapes of the place. It plays an important role in creating an atmosphere. However, the all-round illuminating spherical luminaire also greatly enhances the spatial brightness. Moreover, these illuminating lights themselves have become many scattered highlights in the plaza space. 3. 4 at a large party held at the festival night. To set up a lot of temporary lighting, aerial spotlights and other decorative lighting, these lights strengthen the strong The atmosphere of the square has further enhanced the brightness of the space, adding more highlights, making the square more arduous. 3. There are four high-pole lights in the square, which makes the average illumination of the ground reach 140lx, and four dazzling lights. The disc becomes the highlight of the square with the highest brightness.
4 The overall planning of the square light environment The overall lighting plan should be based on the function, status and architectural characteristics of the square. Considering the fixed lighting elements such as the Hua Deng and the temporary lighting of the festival on the overall effect and impact, through the surrounding buildings and The subordinate elements perform appropriate lighting performances to create an overall lighting landscape that is consistent with the image of the square and is uniquely artistic.
4. 1 Requirements for overall lighting effects (1) By constructing the harmonics of the illumination between the buildings and the gradient of the illumination brightness, the entire square forms an organic unity (2) fixed lighting facilities such as Hua Deng, single Physically, there are some bright spots. On the group, there are also large-scale optical chains. Therefore, the illuminated buildings should become the background of their backdrops, so that they can be seen against each other. The surrounding buildings can be gathered together, and the Huaguang can adjust the spacious space. The atmosphere of the square (3) The lighting effect of the building can regulate the colorful square elements in the festival. At the same time, the buildings become the lighting landscape that is intriguing. (4) Strengthening the performance of each surrounding façade by lighting Common points on the top, such as: the horizontal lines formed by glazed tiles on the edge of each building, the colonnade on each façade, etc., should be unified, forming a common bond of the plaza (5) highlighting the main lighting effect of the square (6) Focus on shaping the landscape image of the central structure (7) Strengthening the balance between the east and west sides of the square.
4. 2 The three states of the lighting effect are different at different times. The functions and roles of the square are different. Accordingly, the overall lighting effect should also be different in order to form an effective atmosphere. Generally, the function of the square is divided into ordinary times. There are three kinds of festivals and major festivals. In normal times, tourists mainly visit the open squares. The main objects of the buildings are the general festivals around the square. The high-lights of the lanterns are turned on, and some temporary landscapes and lights are set in the square. People are placed in bright squares. Inside, there are more objects to watch, and the atmosphere is warm in major festivals. The plaza is a stage for celebrations and evenings. The buildings become the stage background. At this time, the two sides of the plaza are connected to each other and the two sides communicate with each other. The light environment has reached the atmosphere. The degree of intensity.
Since the squares have different functions, different building lighting effects are needed to match them in order to create a corresponding atmosphere, but from the standpoint of each building, they should always be satisfied with a consistent artistic image. People's visual psychological expectations for it, otherwise, may produce a less than solemn impression.
Considering various factors, it is decided to use the same lighting arrangement and scheme in different states to realize the transition between states by the change of illumination brightness, that is, in general, the basic facade illumination will be used. The building is finished in the festival, adding Li Tienan, etc.: the landscape features of Tiananmen Square and the illumination of the night illumination surface, and deeply shaping the architectural image. Of course, in some ordinary days, some buildings can be selectively opened. Partial lighting, such as the lighting of national emblems, plaques, flag sculptures and other lights on the inside of the colonnade, to create a new image in an artistic way, but also to achieve energy-saving effects, but as long as the lights are lit, the building The illumination of the object should reach the state of turning on the basic facade illumination. Otherwise, the divergence and messiness of the overall effect of the square will occur.
4. 3 The buildings around the illuminated color square represent the image of the country. At the same time, they play the role of gathering squares to integrate them. Therefore, the lighting of each building adopts a simple warm white tone as the basic color. In this way, it is not only beneficial to highlight the characteristics of the building itself through the change of light and shadow, but also to create a kind of elegant atmosphere. At the same time, it can effectively form effective control over the colorful scenes on the festival night square. Combined with the color and material of the facade of each building, the design color temperature is set to: City Hall and Museum: 3000K Memorial Hall: 2000K 4. 4 Lighting Brightness Level CIE specifies the brightness standard for outdoor architectural landscape lighting: 2, but For Tiananmen Square, due to the bright background environment, the numerous scattered highlights in the square, and the effect characteristics of the lighting scheme, such brightness standards cannot meet the requirements. Here, the selection of the reference brightness takes into account the following factors: (1) According to the status of the buildings around the square, the lighting must pursue a magnificent effect, which requires the basis of higher brightness (2) The area of ​​the square is very large. When people are viewing a building, the viewing distance is far away. In order to obtain the desired lighting effect, the image of the building needs to be shaped at a higher brightness level. The amount of illumination should be at least as clear as that of the building. Level (3) In the bright sky and background formed by the holiday lights, the building image (4) can be visually displayed to produce a visual effect of gathering and regulating the entire square.
Combining the above factors, taking into account the brightness perception caused by the color and material characteristics of the building facade, set the brightness of the façade design of the tower to 2, as a benchmark, according to the brightness gradient of each building as agreed in the plan. Ask to determine the brightness of other buildings.
4. 5 Overall brightness configuration The lighting brightness of each building in the square should form an appropriate proportional relationship, so that the entire square can form an organic whole with center, set off, and change, and also reflect the design of the layout of Chinese ancient buildings. idea.
The monument is the central structure of the square, playing the role of controlling the overall situation. Although it has a high degree of advantage, it is slightly weaker, so it should have a prominent position in brightness.
From the perspective of the square as a whole, the tower is only one of the enclosed faces, but since it is the main face of the square and its position is important, its lighting effect should be appropriately highlighted, so the lighting brightness value is designed as four circumferences. The highest value in the face, but in terms of the characteristics and color of the facade of the tower, it is impossible to establish its position by virtue of its brightness advantage. In order to solve this problem, we have utilized the rich features of the façade structure of the city building, and carefully scribed it through lighting to create a rich landscape effect, thereby strengthening the status of the building and making full use of the front of the building. Numerous auxiliary elements, through the appropriate lighting performance of these elements, form a backdrop to the tower, further strengthening the effect of the tower.
The halls and museums are the enclosed faces on both sides of the square. According to the ranking of the buildings in the layout of Chinese ancient buildings, the illumination brightness should be weaker to form the primary and secondary differences.
The location of the memorial hall makes it a terminal enclosure. At the main point of view, it becomes the lining of the monument, so it should be the weakest one of the enclosures, and should also be distinguished from the monument in the illumination tones so that Form the most effective setting against the central structure.
In the four enclosed faces, a difference in brightness of 20 is formed, and the brightness of the center structure is at least twice the brightness of the reference. In summary, the brightness ratio of each building is: Monument: Tiananmen Tower: City Hall: Museum: Mao The lighting performance and image of the main 5 single building are designed to complete the overall lighting planning of the square and the image of each building. The following lighting performance measures are required: 5. 1 Tiananmen Gate lighting (1) Roof ridge and doubleæª æª è®¾ç½® 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 设置 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓 轮廓Brightness, the texture texture of the door pane fan (5) The illumination light with higher color temperature is used to shape the railing of the curtain. (6) The illumination of the platform should highlight the volume of the lighting engineering journal (7) The lighting of the auxiliary elements in front of the tower is used to highlight The image of the tower and the improvement of the square enclosure are the main purposes (8) Jinshuiqiao lighting to strengthen the connection between the tower and the square.
5. 2 Illumination of the Monument to the People's Heroes (1) Enhance the core position of the monument in the square with high-brightness illumination (2) Control the proportion of light used in different parts of the monument to shape its three-dimensional and high sense (3) Forming a clear distinction with each enclosure surface (4) The illumination hue of the two-story pedestal railing forms a moderate contrast to form the natural connection between the monument and the square (5) controlling the projection angle and the proportion of the light used to fully express the facade relief The texture and three-dimensionality (6) carefully constructed the top of the monument to enhance the artistic expression of the top surface and the ridge.
5. 3 Lighting of the Great Hall of the People (1) The building uses the same color illumination as a whole to reinforce its huge sense of scale and volume, and build a grandeur of the landscape. (2) Improve the lighting of the middle colonnade and the front façades of both ends of the building. Brightness, the retracted part of the wings on both sides reduces the brightness of the illumination, highlighting the level change. (3) The large step under the colonnade is illuminated with scattered light to strengthen the position of the middle section. (4) The brightness of the inside of the colonnade is strengthened to form the inner light. Effect (5) Contour lighting at the top of the mouth to strengthen the horizontal lines (6) The various façades on the top of the building are properly illuminated to enrich the façade level.
5. 4 Lighting of the Museum of Chinese Revolution and History (1) Emphasize the volume, scale and grand scale of the building with the same-tone illumination of the building as a whole (2) Emphasize the symmetry of the lighting effect of the two wings of the building and highlight the lighting effect of the middle section (3) Strengthen the illumination of the sills and the top flag sculptures on both sides of the middle porch to form a bright frame-shaped composition, so as to introduce the viewer's line of sight into the inner court. (4) Strengthen the lighting effect of the façades of the inner court to form the inner light. Feel (5) Emperor the outline to emphasize the horizontal lines of the top cornice.
5. 5 Lighting of Chairman Mao Memorial Hall (1) Effectively set off the monument in the lighting tones (2) Strengthen the illumination inside the colonnade (3) Emphasize the horizontal lines of the two passes with contour lighting (4) Upper part of the building Shrinking facade lighting should form a light and dark change in the horizontal direction, creating a sense of rhythm that echoes the underlying colonnade.
Through the effective implementation of these measures, the lighting landscape image of each individual building is well shaped, and the planning goal of the overall light environment of the square is realized. After the completion of the project, the use of the National Day party of the 50th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China achieved an ideal lighting effect. See the picture below for the effect of the holiday night scene.
Evening session effect CIE Publication No. 92 - Floodlighting Guide.
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Li Tienan, etc.: Landscape features and night lighting of Tiananmen Square
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