As a network node, submarines can receive, process, and share mission-critical distributed sensor data. Additionally, they serve as deployment platforms for Submarine Tactical Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (STUAVs), which can transmit critical information and deploy outboard sensor systems. Acting as a "system administrator" for Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS), submarines extend their support to Special Operations Forces (SOF) and enable stealthy intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) in denied access areas. With the ability to remain hidden for long periods, submarines can conduct non-provocative observation of enemy activities on land using ground-based sensor systems that detect, monitor, and communicate with targets of interest.
This article explores the capabilities required to maximize the performance of unattended ground sensors while minimizing their size. The UGS deployed by STUAVs must be packaged efficiently to ensure they are a viable load for the drone and can be embedded into the ground, remaining undetected during operations. This approach ensures a low probability of detection (LPD) and interception (LPI). Once deployed, these sensors provide real-time data for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) and targeting (ISRT), offering a new dimension in battlefield awareness.
The system described focuses on Time-Critical Targets (TCTs), such as Scud missile launchers, tanks, and armored vehicles. The goal is to detect, identify, monitor, and relay information to an accusation center in real time. Submarines and STUAVs play a key role in this process, enabling battlefield damage assessment after engaging TCTs.
The detection of TCTs relies on sensor placement, data transmission to command centers, and data analysis. A network-centric approach is proposed, where each transmitting and receiving station functions as a node in a combat network. This distributed architecture allows for automatic routing of information and uninterrupted system operation even if a node fails. Acoustic, seismic, and magnetic sensors can be used to detect TCTs, and these systems can be deployed via STUAVs. As a "system administrator," submarines can manage sensor data, ensuring efficient coordination during ISR missions.
All components involved in the detection and monitoring of TCTs are outlined in Figure 1-1. These include the submarine, STUAV, UGS, and unmanned aircraft laser technology. Current technologies allow for the design of UGS capable of measuring, processing, and communicating acoustic, seismic, and magnetic data. These systems integrate low-power circuits, real-time signal processing, long-life power supplies, and rugged packaging, making them suitable for extended operational cycles.
In the Intelligent Battlefield Preparation (IPB) phase, STUAVs assist in identifying potential threat areas, supporting continuous intelligence surveillance. Laser technology and other ISR equipment help determine optimal locations for UGS deployment.
The paper discusses TCT detection in detail, covering STUAVs as sensor platforms, MASINT UGS for detection, bidirectional communication links, and future recommendations. Submarine tactical drones are essential for extending the reach and monitoring capabilities of submarines, allowing small UAVs to operate in offshore areas for ISRT missions.
One challenge in deploying drones from submarines is the launch mechanism. Existing systems, such as torpedo tubes and vertical launch systems (VLS), can accommodate large loads, but smaller drones may require alternative launchers. The Loitering Electronic Warfare Killer (LEWK) is an example of a future submarine-launched drone, designed for long-range, reusable missions. It uses inflatable propeller technology to convert compact ammunition into a large-wing aircraft, capable of carrying significant payloads and operating in various threat environments.
Communication between the drone and submarine is crucial. RF links allow for mission updates and data transmission, while autonomous features reduce the need for constant communication, enhancing submarine survivability. Photoacoustic methods using lasers can also facilitate covert underwater communication.
Laser technology extends beyond surface detection, penetrating solid surfaces to identify buried facilities or military movements. Low-power lasers can passively monitor activity, while advanced probing techniques act as smart fuzes for target identification.
Once its mission is complete, the drone can return to the ocean or land near a carrier. The use of MASINT UGS enhances detection and monitoring capabilities, connecting remote ISR devices to a broader network through the Expeditionary Sensor Grid (ESG).
Current technology enables real-time TCT identification using acoustic, seismic, and magnetic sensors, along with low-power processors and secure communication links. These systems store characteristic vectors for accurate detection and only transmit essential data, reducing the risk of interception.
The system’s ability to maintain stealth and long-term operations supports submarine command nodes in both secret ISR missions and short-term attacks. Effective two-way communication is possible using low-visibility masts, ensuring reliable data transfer to out-of-zone combat centers.
Communication links include UGS to drones/satellites, UAV/satellite to submarine, and optical sound transmission. These systems rely on low-power, low-intercept methods to maintain stealth. Satellite communications enable long-term ISR operations, while optical methods allow for covert exchanges between aerial and underwater platforms.
In conclusion, this paper presents a system-level concept for detecting and monitoring TCTs. Submarines and STUAVs work together to provide critical support to SOF, enabling hidden ISR missions. By leveraging MASINT systems, submarines can observe enemy activities without provocation, ensuring accurate and timely resource deployment against threats. The phased deployment of sensors increases targeting accuracy, supporting battlefield damage assessment and improving overall combat effectiveness.
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