The comparator might seem straightforward at first glance—it compares two signal voltages and adjusts its output accordingly. However, when the two input voltages are nearly identical, even minor noise on the input can lead to erratic toggling between high and low logic states. One of the simplest ways to address this issue is by introducing hysteresis.
Hysteresis refers to the system's tendency to rely on its prior state when making decisions. In the context of a comparator, this means setting a higher threshold for switching to the high state than for switching to the low state. You might not realize it, but this concept is already at play in your air conditioning thermostat. Imagine what would happen without hysteresis—if the temperature fluctuated slightly around the desired setpoint, the AC would turn on and off repeatedly, wasting energy and putting unnecessary strain on the unit. By incorporating hysteresis, the system operates more efficiently, reducing wear and tear while maintaining comfort.
While some comparators come equipped with built-in hysteresis (usually just a few millivolts), others may require external adjustments to achieve the desired effect. External hysteresis can fine-tune the exact rise and fall thresholds needed for a specific application.
This hysteresis is typically achieved using positive feedback within the comparator circuit—a rare instance where positive feedback proves beneficial rather than harmful. Unlike a standard comparator, which has a single threshold point, hysteresis creates distinct rising and falling thresholds. This ensures the output remains stable—either high or low—even when the input signal hovers near the reference voltage. A comparator enhanced with hysteresis via positive feedback is commonly referred to as a Schmitt trigger.
Let’s take a look at an example using the ON Semiconductor TL331 configured as an inverting Schmitt trigger. The TL331 is a low-power, single-channel comparator with an open-collector design and no internal hysteresis. By configuring a resistor divider with R1 and R2, we establish both the reference voltage on the non-inverting pin and the switching threshold for the comparator output. Since this is an open-collector comparator, it’s essential to add a pull-up resistor to the output. The feedback resistor, often at least 100 kΩ, introduces positive feedback to increase hysteresis.
[Image description: A diagram showing the configuration of an inverting Schmitt trigger using the TL331.]
In this inverting setup, the output pin stays high when the input signal falls below the threshold, which is pulled high by the feedback resistor. Consequently, minor fluctuations in the input signal won’t trigger a switch until the input voltage crosses a higher, adjusted rising threshold. Once the input surpasses this rising threshold, the output switches low, pulling the threshold voltage down via the feedback resistor. This keeps the output low until the input voltage dips below the lower regulated threshold.
Non-inverting configurations operate similarly, though here the threshold voltage set by the resistor divider remains constant regardless of the output state. Instead, the feedback adjusts the input signal at the non-inverting node.
[Image description: A diagram showing the configuration of a non-inverting Schmitt trigger using the TL331.]
In this configuration, when the input signal is low, the output follows suit, dragging the non-inverting node voltage down. Once the input rises sufficiently to pull the non-inverting node above the reference voltage, the output flips high, further elevating the non-inverting node.
Both these circuits require only one or two external resistors to introduce hysteresis, and their values can be tailored to meet the needs of your specific application. When designing comparators, increasing hysteresis is a practical method to mitigate noise-related issues if the input voltages are expected to converge for extended periods.
By understanding and implementing hysteresis effectively, you can enhance the reliability and performance of your circuits while ensuring they remain robust against real-world challenges like noise and fluctuating signals.
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