1 Lighting electrical industry overview
The lighting and electrical appliance industry is an emerging industry that has gradually developed after the founding of the People's Republic of China. It is related to the daily life of the national economy and the people and the daily life of the people. Lighting electrical products are widely used in industrial and agricultural production, scientific research and teaching, transportation, medical and health, film and television performing arts, aerospace and defense and military and other fields.
Different fields need to be equipped with different lighting devices. The development of the lighting electrical industry has promoted the improvement and development of urban and rural residents' lighting, urban landscape lighting, public space lighting and various engineering lighting. In the construction of the 29th Beijing Olympic Games venues and related supporting facilities, the electric light source, lighting fixtures and electrical accessories products produced by domestic production enterprises were used in large quantities, and the green lighting technology was effectively implemented, realizing the promise of holding a green Olympics in China. With the development of the national economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the market demand for lighting products will continue to grow.
The lighting electrical industry includes various types of electric light sources, lighting fixtures, special materials, electrical accessories, lamp holders, semiconductor lighting and other industries. The development of the lighting electrical industry has led to the development of dozens of related supporting industries such as metal materials, tungsten and molybdenum materials, quartz and chemicals, electronic components and mechanical processing. The lighting appliance manufacturing industry has a certain technical content, but it is still a labor-intensive industry. The characteristics of the industry are: a large number of enterprises (nearly 10,000), a large number of employees (nearly one million), and a small number of large and medium-sized enterprises (about 300). On the basis of rapid and stable development for many years, the total industrial output value of the national lighting electrical industry reached 230 billion yuan, and the annual growth rate reached 2 digits.
In 2008, the export volume of the whole industry reached 16 billion US dollars. At present, China has become a major producer and seller of lighting appliances in the world.
The development of China's lighting electrical industry can be roughly divided into two stages: the recovery, construction, adjustment and development period of the first 30 years after the founding of the People's Republic of China; and the rapid, sustained and steady development and innovation period of 30 years after the reform and opening up.
2 lighting electrical industry development
2 1 electric light source
Electric light source products include all kinds of incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps, vehicles and aviation lamps, and various special-purpose lighting bulbs.
The earliest use of electric lights in China was at the Shanghai Ship Terminal in 1879, using carbon rod electrode arc lamps. In April 1890, some of the street lights at the Shanghai Ferry Terminal and the Bund began to use light bulbs. In 1917, American businessmen established a singular subsidiary in Shanghai to produce incandescent products.
In April 1923, the national capitalist Hu Xiyuan founded the China Yabule Bulb Factory in Shanghai, the predecessor of Shanghai Yaming Bulb Factory Co., Ltd., which is the first bulb manufacturing plant in China. In March 1929, the Chinese established a second bulb factory, the Shanghai Huade Bulb Factory. Later, in 1949, China established eight light bulb factories in Shanghai, Chongqing, Nanjing, Shenyang, Dalian and Kunming. The bulb production is only 12.5 million, and the industry employs about 20,000 people.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's electric light source industry accelerated the pace of development while implementing infrastructure construction. In 1958, many provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions established light bulb production plants, and the annual output reached 100 million. However, production during this period was blind and the quality of the products was poor. In the 1950s, China began to produce fluorescent lamps.
In the early 1960s, Professor Cai Zuquan of Fudan University led an electric light source research group to develop a high-pressure mercury lamp. In 1965, more than 10 kinds of illumination sources and instrument light sources, such as iodine-tungsten lamps, long-arc xenon lamps, ultra-high pressure mercury lamps, hydrogen (æ°˜) arc lamps and isotope cesium (86) lamps, were successfully developed, which shortened the electric light source technology in China. Study the gap with the international advanced level.
In 1969, China's light bulb production plant reached 48, with an annual output of 250 million. During this period, the State Council decided to assign the light bulb industry to the Ministry of Light Industry for centralized management. The Ministry of Light Industry has strengthened its leadership in the electric light source industry. In order to solve the problem of shortage of light bulbs in the market, it has guided the construction of a number of new electric light source manufacturers. At the end of the decade of turmoil, the national bulb production was hovering around 500 million.
In 1973, the Ministry of Light Industry invested 6 million yuan to establish the Beijing Film Light Source Research Institute in Beijing (renamed Beijing Electric Light Source Research Institute in 1975) to research and produce a small number of special light sources, and set up a national electric light source quality inspection center. In 1978, the Institute of Electric Light Sources of Fudan University was established, and cooperated with professional teaching to carry out large-scale research and development activities of electric light sources.
In the 1980s, small-diameter compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), low-power high-pressure sodium lamps, and low-power metal halide lamps appeared in the world, and electric light sources entered a period of miniaturization, energy saving, and electronics. Professor Cai Zuquan of Fudan University took the lead in introducing CFL into China, and Chinese enterprises successively developed and produced.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the national light bulb production entered a period of improving quality, increasing varieties, and developing steadily. In 1979, the total output of electric light sources in the country reached 8.5 billion, 68 times that of 1949. Among them: 550 million ordinary lamps, 04.3 billion fluorescent lamps, 02.8 billion low-voltage bulbs, and 128 million special bulbs. The ratio of fluorescent lamps to incandescent lamps for general lighting is 1 12 7.
In 1988, there were 145 bulb production plants and 30 lamp factories in China. The total output of electric light sources reached 1.81 billion in the whole year. In the early days of reform and opening up, China's electric light source industry faced many difficulties and problems, mainly due to tight capital, shortage of raw materials, low product prices, rising raw material prices, etc., combined with the low quality of most enterprises and low level of technology and management.
After the reform and opening up, the electric light source industry has undergone great changes, and the corporate structure and product structure are constantly adjusting.
In 1989, China Lighting Association was formally established with the approval of the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China. China Photo Association organized enterprises to implement national technological transformation projects, and promoted T8 fluorescent lamps to replace thick-tube fluorescent lamps such as T9 T12. During the period of June 5th and 7th, China has successively introduced a large number of advanced technical equipment from western industrialized countries, including: general lighting production line, decorative lamp production line, straight tubular, circular, compact fluorescent lamp production line, high pressure sodium lamp and metal halide lamp production line, etc. . Through the introduction of technology and digestion and absorption, the production series of incandescent lamps, fluorescent lamps, high-intensity discharge lamps (H ID) and automobile bulbs have been perfected in a short period of time. China has gradually developed into a world-class lighting electrical production country with relatively complete categories, advanced technology and strong supporting capabilities.
With the continuous development of China's reform and opening up, internationally renowned large companies have successively entered China. Since the early 1990s, Philips Lighting (PH ILIPS) in the Netherlands, General Electric (GE) in the United States, OSRAM in Germany, and Panason ic in Japan have invested in Shanghai, Guangdong and Beijing in China. Established joint ventures and wholly-owned factories to produce lighting electrical products. The investment of large foreign companies not only promotes the improvement of the technology, quality, production, management and management level of China's lighting electrical industry, but also makes the domestic market competition international and promotes the rapid development of the industry.
In the first three years of the Ninth Five-Year Plan, China's energy-saving electric light source products have developed significantly. In 1996, the State Economic and Trade Commission and other departments organized the implementation of the first phase of green lighting. At the same time of obtaining 1 million US dollars of international aid funds, the country has extensively carried out green lighting projects through scientific lighting design, using high-efficiency lighting products, expanding green lighting products production, saving electricity and improving lighting environment. With the extensive participation of industry associations, manufacturing companies, scientific research institutions and professional testing units, green lighting projects have had a wide and positive impact in the industry and in society. In that year, China's total CFL production was 1.2 billion, and the total output of T8 fluorescent lamps was 0.5 billion.
In 1999, the total output of electric light sources in the country reached 7 billion. The ratio of fluorescent lamps to incandescent lamps has risen to 1. 5. The number of enterprises in scale has increased. Six companies have produced more than 100 million incandescent lamps per year. Seven companies have produced more than 10 million fluorescent lamps.
2001 In 2005, the State Economic and Trade Commission organized and implemented the second phase of green lighting project, and GEF grants 8 million US dollars to support it, which effectively promoted the expansion of China's energy-saving lighting market and the development of energy-saving lighting industry. In 2005, the total output of electric light sources in China reached 10 billion, ranking first in the world. The production ratio of fluorescent lamps and ordinary incandescent lamps has risen to 1 1 5. The export volume has reached 8 billion US dollars, and the annual growth rate of product exports has exceeded 20%. CFL products account for 80% of the total international market, and the products are exported to 167 countries around the world. And area.
In 2008, the National Development and Reform Commission launched a financial subsidy program to promote efficient lighting products. It plans to promote 150 million high-efficiency lighting products nationwide in three years, mainly CFL, T5 and T8 fluorescent lamps and related products, high-pressure sodium lamps and other products. The implementation of the two-year implementation has exceeded the expected target and has had a good impact among consumers across the country. With the rapid development of China's energy-saving light source industry, a number of electric light source manufacturers with large scale and comprehensive strength have emerged in the industry. Such as: Zhejiang Sunshine Group Co., Ltd., Xiamen Tongshida Lighting Co., Ltd., Jiangsu Qiang Ling Lighting Co., Ltd. (TCP), Lisheng Electric Light Source (Xiamen) Co., Ltd., etc. The annual output of enterprise CFL has reached more than 100 million, and annual sales exceeded 1 billion yuan.
In 2008, the sales of lighting industry was about 230 billion yuan, a year-on-year increase of 15%. The structure of electric light source products has also changed. The ratio of fluorescent lamps to incandescent lamps has become the current 1 2 1. The total output of fluorescent lamps has exceeded An incandescent lamp. Compact fluorescent lamps, T5 straight tube and circular fluorescent lamps, T8 and T8 trichromatic fluorescent lamps have developed rapidly. In the H ID lamp, the energy-saving high-pressure sodium lamp and the metal halide lamp have developed rapidly, and at the same time, the development of the ceramic metal halide lamp has made great progress. High-pressure mercury lamps have seen a decline in production for two consecutive years, and this trend is expected to continue. A number of well-known enterprises have gradually formed in China, and their independent research and development capabilities have been greatly improved. Some enterprises have established R&D centers and corresponding laboratories, and large and powerful enterprises have continuously attached importance to and strengthened brand building.
2 2 lighting equipment
Lighting products include a variety of indoor lighting (such as embedded, fixed, portable lighting) and outdoor lighting (street lights, spotlights, floodlights, buried lights, garden lighting) and other products.
Before the founding of the People's Republic of China, China's lighting industry was almost blank. In 1916, British merchants opened a large enamel factory in Shanghai to produce enamel lampshades. Later, some workshop factories and electrical and electronic materials production and operation of various lamp holders, glass lampshades, or outsourced parts assembly lamps, such as Sanle's in Nanjing Road, Shanghai. Some buildings in Shanghai, such as Xinhua Cinema, Huguang Cinema, and Lanxin Theatre, have begun to use local lighting products.
After the founding of the People's Republic of China, scattered lighting production workshops and small factories gradually embarked on the road of mutual assistance and cooperation. In the big cities, there were a number of professional lighting production plants with photographic lights, machine tools, daylights, road bends and Project spotlights, etc. Shanghai lighting companies have also produced wall lights, ceiling lamps and crystal chandeliers. The developed lighting companies completed the supply of the top ten building supporting lamps in Beijing in the 1950s; completed the supply of supporting lamps for major projects including Beijing Changan Street, Tiananmen Square and Shanghai Exhibition Hall. In 1958, Shanghai Dongfeng Lighting Equipment Factory was the first 10,000-ton wheel (Dongfeng) supporting lamp produced by Jiangnan Shipyard, which became the starting point for the development of marine lamps in China.
In the 1960s, China's lighting industry developed further. It began to undertake the development and production tasks of military lamps in China, mainly including six types of products, such as artillery lamps, aircraft lamps, airport lamps, underwater lighting lamps, ship lamps, and infrared search lamps. In 1964, the lighting companies represented by the Shanghai area successively developed airport night lights, machine tool work lights, high-pressure mercury street lights, news photography lights, stage art lights, explosion-proof lamps, and fluorescent lamps for civil and factory lighting. Formed a relatively complete range of lighting products.
In 1979, Shanghai Lighting Company (now Shanghai Mingkai Group Company), the first professional lighting company in China, was formally established. With the development of reform and opening up, professional lighting companies have been established in Beijing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Wuhan, Chongqing, Chengdu, Jinan and Guangzhou. With the strengthening of industrial planning, production technology and operation management, China's luminaire manufacturing has been produced by manual tapping in the past, and has gradually developed into a large-scale mechanical processing, and has developed towards multi-station and assembly lines.
In the 1980s, the civil lighting and architectural lighting industry represented by the East China region developed rapidly. The indoor lighting products are produced by new technologies such as glass spray gold, sanding engraving, plastic glass combination and metal silk, which have changed the status of single lamps and monotonous styles in the past, enriching the consumer demand of the people. Architectural lighting fixtures are continuously produced with new light sources and new materials. The products are developed in the direction of high luminous efficiency, long life, exquisite craftsmanship and scientific design, which has attracted wide attention in the field of architectural design.
In the 1990s, a large number of Taiwan and Hong Kong lighting manufacturers entered the Chinese mainland, investing in factories in Guangdong, Shanghai, Jiangsu, etc., such as: Heshan Yinyu Lighting Company, Dongguan Vailèµ› Lighting Company, Dongguan Yinghui Lighting Company. The transformation of the domestic planned economy to the market economy has led to the production of a large number of collective and private lighting manufacturers in the lighting industry, such as: Changzhou Honglian Lighting Company, Ningbo Liaoyuan Lighting Company, Zhongshan Huayi Lighting Company, Zhongshan Op Lighting Company. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan period, the number of lighting enterprises in China increased from 200 to more than 2,000; the annual output of lamps increased from 1.5 billion to 2 billion; the annual output value of lamps increased from 1.3 billion to 15 billion. While the products meet the needs of the domestic market, a large number of products are exported overseas.
With the improvement of people's living standards and the continuous increase of engineering projects in various places, China's lighting industry has developed rapidly. The long triangle has become a large-scale outdoor lighting area represented by the Ningbo area. The main products are all kinds of street lights, garden lights, lawn lights, buried lights, projection lamps. Representative enterprises are: Ningbo Liaoyuan Lighting Company, Ningbo Yaohua Lighting Company, Ningbo Jieyousheng Lighting Company, Ningbo Aizhi Lighting Company, etc. There are more than 300 large and small lighting enterprises in Liangnong Town of Yuyao City. The annual sales of various lamps are 2.8 billion yuan. The products are sold all over the country and are the bases for Chinese lamps and lanterns. Gaoyou City, Jiangsu Province, has gathered more than 500 street lamps and garden lighting production factories in the two towns of Guoji and Sending Bridge. The annual output value of the lighting industry is about 4 billion yuan. The company has a clear division of labor and complete product support. It is a Chinese street lamp manufacturing base.
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