1. Edge-triggered flip-flops made up of two level-triggered D flip-flops are designed to enhance the reliability and noise immunity of digital circuits. The goal is to ensure that the next state of the flip-flop depends solely on the rising or falling edge of the clock signal, rather than the entire duration of the clock pulse. This means that any changes in the input signal before or after the edge have no impact on the output state. To achieve this, various edge-triggered flip-flop designs have been developed over time. Edge-triggered flip-flops operate at the exact moment the clock edge occurs, and the input signal must be stable just before this transition. This prevents issues such as race conditions and one-time glitches, making the flip-flop more reliable and less susceptible to noise. In modern digital ICs, there are several types of edge-triggered flip-flops, including those constructed from two level-triggered D flip-flops, those that use a master-slave configuration, and those that rely on gate delays to control the timing of the signal transfer. 2. The master-slave edge-triggered flip-flop is specifically designed to prevent multiple toggling when the clock is high. It ensures that the output only changes once per clock cycle, eliminating instability caused by rapid input changes. Key features include: - Triggered on the rising edge of the clock (CP). - The output state after triggering matches the input data (D). - The input must be stable before the rising edge of the clock. 3. Another type of edge-triggered flip-flop uses transmission delay to determine the output based on the J and K inputs just before the falling edge of the clock. This design allows the flip-flop to respond only to the input values present just before the clock transitions, making it more resistant to noise compared to the master-slave configuration. During the clock's high and low states, changes in J and K do not affect the output, ensuring stable operation. Edge-triggered behavior ensures that the flip-flop's next state is determined exclusively by the input logic level at the moment the clock edge arrives. Any changes in the input before or after this point do not influence the output. This characteristic significantly improves the flip-flop’s ability to reject noise, leading to more reliable circuit performance. By carefully controlling the timing of signal transitions, edge-triggered flip-flops provide a robust solution for synchronous digital systems.
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