Mesoporous materials are a class of advanced nanomaterials characterized by their uniform pore size distribution and high surface area. Among them, the MCM series is the most commonly studied, primarily composed of silicon. This series includes several structural types, such as hexagonal MCM-41 and cubic MCM-41. The cubic structure is particularly notable for its unique arrangement and has been the focus of extensive research in recent years. In addition to the MCM series, there are other families of mesoporous materials with diverse structures, such as SBA-n, MSU, HMS, APMs, and FSM-16, each offering distinct properties and applications.
In terms of classification, mesoporous materials can be broadly divided into two categories based on their chemical composition: silicon-based and non-silicon-based. Silicon-based materials, like MCM and SBA, are widely used due to their stability and well-defined structures. On the other hand, non-silicon-based mesoporous materials, which include transition metal oxides, phosphates, and sulfides, offer new possibilities due to their variable oxidation states. However, these materials often suffer from poor thermal stability. After calcination, their pore structures tend to collapse, leading to reduced surface area and pore volume. Additionally, the synthesis mechanisms of non-silicon-based materials are not yet fully understood, limiting their widespread application.
Another way to classify mesoporous materials is based on the degree of pore order. Disordered mesoporous materials, such as traditional silica aerogels and glass-ceramics, have irregular pore shapes and a wide range of pore sizes. In contrast, ordered mesoporous materials, such as the M41S family, exhibit highly regular pore structures and narrow pore size distributions. These materials have attracted significant attention since the early 1990s due to their potential in catalysis, drug delivery, and nanotechnology. Their precise control over pore size and shape makes them ideal for various advanced applications.
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